Ohio s Strongest Economic Industry - 1276 Words

Ohio’s strongest economic industry is Agribusiness. Through agriculture, Ohio farmers have rooted a connection throughout the globe in feeding and supplying resources needed in life each day. Since the 1800’s native Ohioans have relied on agriculture not only for a source of nourishment but as a means of making a living. Ohio s original settlers, the Native Americans, supported themselves through farming. â€Å"The Indians grew corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, multi-colored Indian corn, numerous varieties of beans, including kidney beans, navy and pea beans, pinto beans, great northern marrow beans, and yellow eye beans. Ohio Indians grew many other vegetables, including turnips, cabbage, parsnips, sweet potatoes, yams, and onions and leeks† (Agriculture and Farming in Ohio). â€Å"The Europeans introduced the watermelon and muskmelon into North America in the seventeenth century, and Indians in the interior were growing these fruits within a few years† (Ag riculture and Farming in Ohio). Today, there are more than seven billion people roaming earth and each and everyone, have since the beginning of time-shared one thing in common; a need for food and nutrition for survival. Ohio is a state based on agriculture and Ohioans can be thankful for that. â€Å"Agriculture is Ohio s top industry, contributing $105 billion to Ohio s economy with actual farm gate receipts of $9.65 billion† (The Ohio Farm Bureau). The most recent farm census in 2012 from the United States Department ofShow MoreRelatedThe Energy Industry Of The Electric Utilities Industry1477 Words   |  6 PagesSWEPCO AEP SWEPCO serves a vast market in the electric utilities industry. The energy industry, comes with a host of serious risks that need to be managed, and AEP SWEPCO is no exception. The energy industry is difficult, if not impossible to predict. The corporate risk assessment below discusses AEP’s past and present business, as well as identifies risks and strategies on how to mitigate and manage them. 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In 1899 he wrote something meaningful against segregation and the Jim Crow law, he stated Such discrimination is morally wrong, politically dangerous, industriallyRead MoreSwot Analysis : Burger King1234 Words   |  5 Pagescompany as a whole generated $2.73 billion in revenues in 2002 , up 14.2 percent from the previous year with headquarter in Dublin , Ohio , the corporation operated over 9,000 restaurants in 33 countries worldwide . 1-STRENGTH: Several; unique features were embedded with both pitfalls and advantages The company’s super value menu was definitely one of its strongest asset. 2- WEAKNESSES: Wendy’s also offered several unique products such as Frost’s and Spicy Chicken Sandwich, as well as many healthyRead MoreIs Fracking A Natural Gas?2865 Words   |  12 PagesIn the U.S., the advanced hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling lead to a revolution of natural gas and oil, brining about the dynamic job opportunities and economic growth which affects other industries apart from natural gas and oil field. 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Because of the economic repercussions that our country endured during the thirteen years of Prohibition, the Eighteenth Amendment was finally repealed. (Thorton 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the beginning of Prohibition, many small-time bar owners and middlemen created bootlegging services that provided illegal alcohol. Most of these people never gained a great deal of income from it, but with the rough economic times of the 1920’s, particularly in the later part ofRead More Titans of the Twentieth Century Essay2038 Words   |  9 PagesTitans of the Twentieth Century Throughout the course of history, many people have influenced the lives of the American people and the economic course of the United States. Although only a little over two hundred years old, the United States has rapidly gained its economic power through the great minds and incentives of its people. During the early twentieth century, many Americans saw the prosperity that America had to offer. John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, and Andrew Carnegie took advantageRead MoreResearch Paper on Contemporary Craft Person Daniel Kuhn1122 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose is to depict the landscape touched by industry. Another style Kuhn incorporates in his work has been the American style of Raku which brings together modern and ancient techniques by using the toxic glazes of Raku and porous sawdust-fired pots. When using sawdust as technique to cool the ware, a chemical reaction occurs this leaves the ware with exuberant hues. Daniel Kuhn’s secondary education took place at Olney Friends School in Barnesville, Ohio where he had been first introduced to clayRead MoreUrban Decline With Middle Class1445 Words   |  6 Pagesfamilies moving in or if the drop in crime is one more reason the upper income residents need to move. In the study, a Granger-causality Test is utilized as a part of request to inspect the relationship in the middle of gentrification and crime. 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Engineer Wonders of the Qin and Han Dynasties to The Roman...

I have been fortunate enough through my travels to have trans versed the Great Wall of China, which was constructed by Qin Shihuang in order to unify the six states, he ordered General Meng Tian to connect the existing walls and to extend them further as a front line defense against possible invasion, it was an exhilarating experience, the piece of the wall I started to ascend, it was extremely steep with four levels, the configuration of the wall was unusual, in the design of the steps, they were built in a non–uniform format. The steps ranged in various sizes, from approximately 4† to what seemed like 12†, so in turn , it made the climb very uncomfortable, it also showed me that I was defiantly out of shape, but I did eventually make it to the second level, and looking over the mountain terrain, and along the hillside where it was built, I had a rush of adrenaline and realized that the Wall of China, was every bit as exhilarating to me today, as the day it was c onstructed. This engineering, of the Qin dynasty was truly an amazing feat. I will examine some key elements, while comparing the Qin, and Han dynasties, to The Roman Empire. Both cultures had implemented an impressive, society by introducing engineering wonders, an extensive political system that managed vast amounts of people, and a military to rule over their territories. While looking at the Han, Qin, and Roman structures, one interesting tidbit of information was that the great WALL of China is the only

Best Step to Lose Weight Free Essays

There are some ways to make me to slimmer and more attractive. That is losing weight. All I have to do is follow three big steps below. We will write a custom essay sample on Best Step to Lose Weight or any similar topic only for you Order Now For me to get skinner is doing more exercise. Some people might be afraid of taking this step, but physical exercise work well in decreasing pounds. Especially three steps are walking, swimming and do aerobic. First, swimming is a good sport for those who not only want to have weight loss but also need to improve their height. Swimming about one to two hours at weekend is enough, because your body may not be familiar with long practice yet. When you are walking, you can burn calories at the same time. Another good exercise to lose weight is aerobics, because it is a high energy activity that uses the entire muscle group in the body. The second step is avoiding food with fat and sugar. For example, instead of three large meals, eat five or six small means or snack a day, and next, because you do exercise, so you need energy to work out, so try to eat protein food like fish, egg and fat free or low-fat cheese and drink a lot of water. When you feel hungry, but you already had a meal, you can eat more vegetables and fruits to fulfill your hunger. Third, keep a diary, write down everything that you eat and every minute of exercise that do, then you’ll see how much healthier and stronger you have while you’ve lost weight, and set mini goals is important also. Instead of thinking that you need to lose 10 pounds, think that you want to lose 1 to 2 pounds this week. Or you can focus on non-pound goals like skipping after dinner snacks this week. In conclusion, is to be patient, which is very important. Many people give up their weight lost goals and exercise only within a week. If you stop trying, then nothing changes, and you will be as fatty as, or even fattier than before. Losing weight is not as difficult as is thought if you have enough patience to do exercise, go on a diet and keep your mind at east. Following the steps above, you will be a pro on losing weight and have a good body shape and healthy body. How to cite Best Step to Lose Weight, Papers

Progressive Taxation and Stability System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Progressive Taxation and Stability System. Answer: Introduction: Asian countries are one of the highest growing countries around the world that has been facing rapid growth since last three decades. This spectacular growth of the Asian courtiers has attracted lot of attention of the researches, which caused rigorous research to trace the hidden cause of this rapid growth. According to latest statistics, Per Capita Gross Domestic (GDP) has grown during this last three decade by more than 4% annually in the case of China and the figure is as high as 3 to 4% for the other Asian economies like Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Korea and Philippines (Gereffi et al. 2014). With a sharp contrast to the economic performance of the East Asian countries, it has been observed that developed economies have grown only by 2.6% during the last three decades (Diao et al. 2017). In this context, this essay is aimed to review the changing economies of Asia with special focus to trace the salient features of the phenomenon growth of south Asian economies. Be sides this, the essay will try to portray the economic growth of these countries under the light of endogenous growth theory and reinforce the argument by summering them at the conclusion. Long run growth model of the economy till 1980 was based on the exogenous factors, where the factors of change were mainly sourced from outside the organism (Vasilev 2018). For instance, researchers were focused to trace the importance of technology change and change in savings rate as one of the key factors of growth. Neo classical model of economic growth used to consider savings rate and the rate of technical development as the exogenous determinant of the economic growth (McCombie and Anthony 2016). Model proposed by the Solow model and Harrod-Domar model, argues that using the technological development and the interest rate, macroeconomic performance of an economy can be explained (Bertola et al. 2014). However rate of technological development and savings rate failed to determine the growth theory and they remained unexplained. In the backdrop of this precarious situation various economists turned to argue against the present exogenous model of growth. Over the year work of Ken neth Arrow, Robert Lucas brought another explicit model of growth known as the endogenous growth theory in order to counter the present belief of growth model (Spear and Young 2016). This new model of growth is more focused on the factors like innovation, emphasis on human capital and knowledge as the main contributors of the economic growth. The new proposed model tried to overcome the drawbacks of the present neo classical model through developing macroeconomic model on the microeconomic foundations. According to the new theory of growth, households are aimed to maximise their utility subject to their budget constraint and the firms are targeted to maximize their profit subject to the factor endowment (Laeven, Levine and Michalopoulos 2015). Most of the focus according to this model was provided to the human capital and in the case of innovations. Policy measure is acknowledged as another key instrument that provides endogenous growth model ability to deal with the explanation of long run growth model (Romer 2015). For instance, new growth model believes in subsidies in the case of education and RD to enhance the growth rate of the economies through providing incentive for the innovation. According to AK model, endogenous model is as simple as the Constant Returns to Scale (Choi 2016). It can easily be determined through the increase in number of goods and service produces, enhancement in service quality, innovative development and various other endogenous factors. On the other hand in a more complex scenario, endogenous growth theory believes in spill over effect and positive externalities, where knowledge based economy can lead itself to higher growth through diminishing return in the capital accumulation. Besides this, endogenous growth model makes it possible to construct a framework in the case of perfect competition considering marginal product of capital is diminishing in nature and it does not tends to zero. Additionally ability to holding patent all ows the firms to enjoy some amount of monopoly in the market with the endogenous framework. RD is one of the key factors that allow the endogenous growth sculpt to describe the monopoly market, making it one of a stable model that determined both the extreme market condition (Janoski et al. 2014). Governmental role in new growth theory: Endogenous growth model is based on the factors like human capital, innovation, RD, infrastructural development and other internal factors to determine to assess the economic performance of a country. Thus, governmental intervention is highly desired according to the new growth model. Owing to higher governmental intervention, factors like infrastructural development, innovation can be hailed to a great extent (Van 2016). In addition to this, investment by the government in the factors like infrastructure, education, RD will allow more population of a country to get engaged in the growth of the country. For instance, if the government enhance the public expenditure in the infrastructural development and education, then it can create more jobs with enhanced availability of the skilled labour (Leigh and Blakely 2016). It will inherently increase the aggregate demand through rise in disposable income. Through this cyclical process government can provide big push to economy to overcome t he barrier of the developing economy. Externality is one of the factors that have various views. According to a group of economists externality possessed by the worker of by the firm through experience, aids it to have better growth (Feldman and Storper 2018). On the other hand, another group of population entails that introduction of new goods and service is another form of externality that helps the economy to face higher growth. According to the Romar, externality sourced through knowledge can bring in Constant Returns to Economy leading to better growth. On the other hand, Lucas has argued for providing additional importance to human capital, because according to him, it will aid the economy in long run to have better growth, not only through better employment generation, moreover it will aid the economy to have skilled labour (Parker 2018). Thus, externalities and new growth theories are connected with each other. Protection is another important prerequisite of the endogenous growth theory. Without protection, firms cannot compete with the firm of the international market due to lack of adequate technologies and skilled labours (Buckley and Casson 2016). Through internationalisation markets are now wide open, where any player can join into the market. In this situation, under the endogenous model, government need to cash out higher amount of support in terms of protectionist policy. It will provide the economy enough time to develop required technology and have economies of scale leading to possibility of long run growth. Evidence of growth in Singapore: Singapore is one of the fastest growing nations in the Asian region, which is mainly lead by the focus of government on the industrialisation and rise in export. The country has been facing an average growth rate of 10% annually since 1970 making it one of the highest growing economies (Van 2016). According to the figure 1, it can be seen that over the period there were various ups and downs in the economy of the country; however, since 1970 it has performed well to keep the economy on ideal trajectory of growth (Leigh and Blakely 2016). Key strategic decisions of the country like export led industrialisation rather than focusing on import substitution and going after specific MNCs to enhance the FDI inflow has benefited the economy largely. With series of structural reform since 1990 to 2015, Singapore has enhanced their per capita GDP from 3389 USD to 52600 USD during the year 1970 to 2013. In addition to this, the country has increased level of government expenditure and annual prospect of 12000 job creations leading to better endogenous growth of the economy. China is one of the rapidly growing newly created industrialised economies, which is acknowledged as the economic miracle owing to their rapid growth during the last three decades. During 1970s China was a poor country with most of the population employed with primary sector and the lack of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has constrained the ability of the country to grow. However, during 1980s staged reform of the country has put it where it is now; the fastest growing economy in the world (Morrison 2014). According to the statistics, China high rate of government intervention that has helped the country to have wide range of growth. The government of China is poised to attain high level of employment and developing skills of the population in order to have sustainable growth in future. With ever rising job opportunity and growing scope of further industrialisation, the country has become one of the fastest growing economies. according to the figure 2 country has rapidly grew from 2000 to 2010 and since then it has falling growth rate meaning the government is focused to enhance the share of endogenous factors in the growth. China and Singapore are two rapidly developing countries in the Asian continent. According to statistics, Singapore grew at a rate of 10% on average during the year 1970 to 2010 making it one of the fastest growing countries in the world (James 2015). On the other hand China during the same time frame grew at a rapid rate. During 1970s, China was facing whopping 19.3% annual growth rate, which was unstable in nature and moving forward during 2010 it had annual growth rate of 10.6% (Chow 2015). According to the available literature, both China and Singapore has showcased rapid growth during the 1970s due to their substantial growth over last decade through depending upon the exogenous variable. However, soon it becomes clear for both the countries that their rapid growth strategy is not sustainable in nature and subject to external factors. In the case of Singapore it has been observed that oil shock of 1985; Asian Financial Crisis of 1998 has shaken their economy to the core (Elson 2 016). When it comes to China, then it can be seen that successive Chinese government has failed to bring in industrialisation in the country until 1978 (Van 2016). Till the 1980s China remained constrained by the Malthusian Poverty Trap and then government focused more on the endogenous factors to gauge the situation considering the model of western economies (Popov 2014). Both the countries post 1980s started to provide focus greatly in the endogenous factors like infrastructural development, skill development through well established education plan, RD, innovation and generating human capital (Lee 2016). According to same source, during 1990s China grew with a humble gradualist approach with its economy that has germinated a well structured industrialised economy. Impressive economic performance of the Asian countries over the last three decade is no more over yet. According to the forecast of Rodan (2016), growth of China and Singapore is highly potential and their endogenous gro wth strategy of past is germinating fruitful results in present. Singapore is now posed to enhance their export drive industrialisation banishing the import substitution policy and China aimed to attain a full employment level and enhance the per capita income. This clearly highlights the level of focus of both the countries on endogenous variable for growth and it also supports that growth stories of the selected countries can easily be explained in the light of the new growth theory. Conclusion: Endogenous growth theory is one of the most suitable economic models that can provide sustainable growth to the economies. From the above analysis it has been seen that focus of the Asian economies has been moved from exogenous to endogenous growth model. It has not only provided them scope of to face high growth rate, besides this it has made the growth of these countries sustainable in nature. At present day China and Singapore as facing highest growth rate around the world owing to their investment in endogenous factors like education, human capital, innovation and RD. When most of the developed economies are struggling hard to catch up the pace of development or falling behind further both these Asian countries are cannon balling the market with their ever rising scope of producing new goods and services. Thus, it is true that high rate of growth of the newly industrialised Asian economies can easily be explained with the endogenous growth theory. Reference: Bertola, Giuseppe, Reto Foellmi, and Josef Zweimller.Income distribution in macroeconomic models. Princeton University Press, 2014. Buckley, Peter J., and Mark Casson.The future of the multinational enterprise. Springer, 2016. Choi, Hak. "Phase Diagram, Endogenous Growth, Golden Rule and Steady State: Their True Meaning." (2016). Chow, Gregory C.China's economic transformation. John Wiley Sons, 2015. Diao, Xinshen, Margaret McMillan, and Dani Rodrik.The recent growth boom in developing economies: A structural change perspective. No. w23132. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017. Elson, Robert Edward.The end of the peasantry in Southeast Asia: A social and economic history of peasant livelihood, 1800-1990s. Springer, 2016. Feldman, Maryann, and Michael Storper. "Economic Growth and Economic Development: Geographic Dimensions, Definition Disparities."The New Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography(2018): 143. Gereffi, Gary, and Donald L. Wyman, eds.Manufacturing miracles: paths of industrialization in Latin America and East Asia. Princeton University Press, 2014. James, Alexander. "The resource curse: A statistical mirage?."Journal of Development Economics114 (2015): 55-63. Janoski, Thomas, David Luke, and Christopher Oliver.The causes of structural unemployment: Four factors that keep people from the jobs they deserve. John Wiley Sons, 2014. Laeven, Luc, Ross Levine, and Stelios Michalopoulos. "Financial innovation and endogenous growth."Journal of Financial Intermediation24, no. 1 (2015): 1-24. Lee, Lily Xiao Hong.New East Asian Economic Development: The Interaction of Capitalism and Socialism: The Interaction of Capitalism and Socialism. Routledge, 2016. Leigh, Nancey Green, and Edward J. Blakely.Planning local economic development: Theory and practice. Sage Publications, 2016. McCombie, John, and Anthony Philip Thirlwall.Economic growth and the balance-of-payments constraint. Springer, 2016. Morrison, Wayne M. "China's economic rise: History, trends, challenges, and implications for the United States."Current Politics and Economics of Northern and Western Asia23, no. 4 (2014): 493. Parker, Simon C.The economics of entrepreneurship. Cambridge University Press, 2018. Popov, Vladimir.Mixed fortunes: An economic history of China, Russia, and the west. Oxford University Press, 2014. Rodan, Garry.The political economy of Singapore's industrialization: national state and international capital. Springer, 2016. Spear, Stephen E., and Warren Young.Endogenous growth theory and models: The" First Wave", 1952-1973. No. 2016-02. Working Papers, Bar-Ilan University, Department of Economics, 2016. Van den Berg, Hendrik.Economic growth and development. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2016. Vasilev, Aleksandar. "Progressive taxation and (in) stability in an exogenous growth model with non-market (" home") production." (2018). Brueckner, Markus, Era Dabla-Norris, Mark Gradstein, and Daniel Lederman. "The rise of the middle class and economic growth in ASEAN."Journal of Asian Economics(2018). Yilmaz, mer. "An alternative analysis of economic indicators of turkey and BRICS countries."european journal of alternative education studies(2018).

Rhetorical Modes Matrix free essay sample

Rhetorical modes are various methods for effectively communicating through language and writing. Complete the following chart to identify the purpose and structure of the various rhetorical modes used in academic writing. Provide at least two tips for writing each type of rhetorical device. Rhetorical mode Purpose Explain when or why each rhetorical mode is used. Structure Explain what organizational method works best with each rhetorical mode. Tips Provide two tips for writing in each rhetorical mode. NarrationTelling stories is narration. Chronological order is the best organizational method; this method puts ideas in order according to time. To create strong details keep human sense in mind. When writing, be sure to understand what the purpose is from the start, this will help decide if the writing is fictional or factual. IllustrationShows or demonstrates something clearly. Order of importance is the best organizational method. This method arranges ideas according to their significance. Vary the phrases of illustration, to keep the reader’s attention to the writing. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Modes Matrix or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Over explaining concepts may cause readers to feel like their intelligence is insulted. DescriptionMakes sure the audience is fully absorbing the words on the page. Spatial order is the best method. This method arranges ideas, according to physical characteristics or appearances. Avoid empty descriptions if possible. Make an effort to use details or descriptions that express thoughts that will register to others. ClassificationBreaks down large subjects into smaller and more specific parts. Starting with an introduction and thesis topic, the body is next. The body lists categories, which are broke down into sub-categories; and the essay will have a strong conclusion. When writing, break down the topic three ways, helps the reader learn and see it in new ways. Smaller broken down parts can be very interesting. Process analysisExplains how to do something or how something works. By clearly writing a detailed introduction, body, and conclusion. Every detail is in chronological order. Clearly written directions will be the most effective. Mistakes can be found when another person reads the paper. DefinitionMeans to define something, such as words or phrases. Defining a term or phrase is the first thing to happen. Next is a thesis and the essay body explains the context of the definition. The conclusion pulls the essay together and reinforces the thesis. Avoid simple words; they are ineffective when writing a definition essay. Write about something personal because it will be more engaging. Comparison and contrastExplores the similarities between two or more items. A compare and contrast essay can be written two ways. The first way is to focus on one topic and describe its pros and cons, and move to the next topic. The second way is to write about the compared matters one after the other in a back-and-forth pattern. The introductory paragraph should contain information about each subject or events getting compared. Write why comparing and contrasting is worth the reader’s attention. Cause and effect Traces the causes of a particular event or situation, to describe effects or both. Typically a cause-and-effect paper has an introductory paragraph defining or clarifying the subject itself, and stating the nature of the paper; a body of several to many paragraphs, and a brief concluding paragraph. When writing a cause-and-effect paper, explain events so readers who may know a little, but never heard the entire story of how the events are linked by logical cause and effect. Persuasion A mode of persuasion uses statistics and facts. Persuasion is clearly a sort of demonstration; the modes of persuasion are furnished by the spoken word. There are three kinds, persuasion is achieved by the speakers personal character, Second, persuasion may come through the hearers, and Third, persuasion is affected through the speech. Name specific things to inject some emotion into arguments. Metaphors and storytelling are powerful tools of persuasion.

Liquid Nitrogen Facts, Safety and Uses

Liquid Nitrogen Facts, Safety and Uses Liquid nitrogen is a form of the element nitrogen thats cold enough to exist in a liquid state and is used for many cooling and cryogenic applications. Here are some facts about liquid nitrogen and crucial information about handling it safely. Liquid Nitrogen Facts Liquid nitrogen is the liquefied form of the element nitrogen thats produced commercially by the fractional distillation of liquid air.  Like nitrogen gas, it consists of two nitrogen atoms sharing covalent bonds (N2).Sometimes liquid nitrogen is denoted as LN2, LN, or LIN.A United Nations Number (UN or UNID) is a four-digit code used to identify  flammable  and harmful chemicals. Liquid nitrogen is identified as UN number 1,977.At normal pressure, liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K (−195.8 ° C or −320.4 ° F).The liquid-to-gas expansion ratio of nitrogen is 1:694, which means liquid nitrogen boils to fill a volume with nitrogen gas very quickly.Nitrogen is non-toxic, odorless, and colorless. It is relatively inert. It is not flammable.Nitrogen gas is slightly lighter than air when it reaches room temperature. It is slightly soluble in water.Nitrogen was first liquefied on April 15, 1883, by Polish physicists  Zygmunt Wrà ³blewski and Karol Olszewski.Liquid nitroge n is stored in special insulated containers that are vented to prevent pressure buildup. Depending on the design of the Dewar flask, it can be stored for hours or for up to a few weeks. LN2 displays the Leidenfrost effect, which means it boils so rapidly that it surrounds surfaces with an insulating layer of nitrogen gas. This is why spilled nitrogen droplets skitter across a floor. Liquid Nitrogen Safety choja / Getty Images When working with liquid nitrogen, taking safety precautions is paramount: Liquid nitrogen is cold enough to cause severe frostbite on contact with living tissue. You must wear proper safety gear when handling liquid nitrogen to prevent contact or inhalation of the extremely cold vapor. Cover and insulate skin to avoid exposure.Because it boils so rapidly, the phase transition from liquid to gas can generate a lot of pressure very quickly. Do not enclose liquid nitrogen in a sealed container, as this may result in it bursting or an explosion.Adding large quantities of nitrogen to the air reduces the relative amount of oxygen, which may result in an asphyxiation risk. Cold nitrogen gas is heavier than air, so the risk is greatest near the ground. Use liquid nitrogen in a well-ventilated area.Liquid nitrogen containers may accumulate oxygen that is condensed from the air. As the nitrogen evaporates, theres a risk of violent oxidation of organic matter. Liquid Nitrogen Uses Liquid nitrogen has many uses, mainly based on its cold temperature and low reactivity. Examples of common applications include: The freezing and transporting of food productsThe cryopreservation of biological samples, such as sperm, eggs, and animal genetic samplesUse as a coolant for superconductors, vacuum pumps, and other materials and equipmentUse in cryotherapy to remove skin abnormalitiesThe shielding of materials from oxygen exposureThe quick freezing of water or pipes to allow work on them when valves are unavailableA source of extremely dry nitrogen gasThe branding of cattleThe molecular gastronomy preparation of unusual foods and beveragesThe cooling of materials for easier machining or fracturingScience projects, including making liquid nitrogen ice cream, creating nitrogen fog, and flash-freezing flowers and subsequently watching them shatter when tapped onto a hard surface.

Learning to Listen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning to Listen - Essay Example Ramin tells the readers how she has grown up with inquisitive behavior and become curious of everything happening around her. To this extent, the author reveals that the culture of one’s family influences his or her behavior. Further, the author reveals that one’s family can make him or her develop poor or good listening skills, which she emphasizes by reveling to the readers that she learnt about her poor listening skills from her family. Good listening demands that one be keen and completely identify with the speaker. Ramin emphasizes that great listening involves â€Å"deeply identifying with the person you’re speaking with, when their story becomes so vivid that your world becomes less about you and more about them† (Para 2). The author further makes it clear that hearing is different from listening. Hearing simply means making no sense of what the speaker says. Good and effective listening requires an individual to focus more on the speaker rather tha n himself. A good listener is one who identifies with and become part and parcel of the story. Ramin also reveals that poor listening skills can lead to communication barrier and increases one’s likelihood to miss important things said by the speaker. Ramin also reveals that listening skills can be learnt when she says â€Å"I might have missed that, had I not learned to listen† (Para 5) in reference to â€Å"I love you† whisper from an orphaned girl to her at Noah’s community center. Ramin’s claim that one should learn when to speak and when to listen is very true. I particularly had poor listening skills, but learnt a lesson that changed my listening skills completely. I had gate-crushed a certain wedding in the neighborhood. At the door of hall where the occasion was scheduled, a security guard instructed me that empty blue seats were reserved for some special people invited to the wedding. Unfortunately, I was simply nodding and talking at the same time, while my

Civilizations of the Ancient Near East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Civilizations of the Ancient Near East - Essay Example The life and loves of Cleopatra VII, the Queen of Egypt from 5 to 30BC (Shaw,2003,p.403) had been celebrated in numerous films starred by top actresses like Elizabeth Taylor, Vivien Leigh, Theda Bara, Claudette Colbert, Janet Suzman; in plays such as those written by Shakespeare, George Bernard Shaw and John Dryden; TV series; some 20 novels; a ballet choreographed by Martha Graham; hundreds of paintings the most memorable being that of Michelangelo's and sculptures (Streissguth,199,p.101-5). Indeed she is one of the most popular women figures in world history. Most importantly she acutely epitomizes the exalted position reserved for women in ancient Egypt. Together with such powerful Egyptian queens as Hatshepsut, Nefertiti, Nefertari and Tiye, Cleopatra VII's life was a testament of the power and equality granted by ancient Egyptian society to its women during those times when practically most societies relegated women to mere childbearing and other inferior roles in society. In these modern times, women also carry in their grasp the same power, equality to men and exalted position as women like Golda Meir, Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, Harlem Brundtland, Gloria Arroyo and Hillary Clinton among others. But the power they hold are not absolute unlike the queens of Egypt. Queen Hatshepsut ruled ancient Egypt with absolute powerAncient Civilizations 3 for 21 years and earned for herself the title (as ascribed to her by famed Egyptologist James Henry Breasted) "the first great woman in history of whom we are informed" (Joseph & Lewis,1986,p.87). She was also a warrior queen who vanquished the Nubians and then later established trade with them. She was considered "one of the most successful Egyptian rulers of either sex" (Weiss & Rinear,2001,p.24). Another Egyptian warrior queen who scratched and clawed her way to absolute power using her guile, charms and brains was Cleopatra VII who had to eliminate her brothers/husbands Ptolemy XII and XIII and sister Arsinoe to grab unopposed power. Historian Antonia Fraser described her as ascending to the throne of Egypt "through sheer genius for power" and was a master of "power politics" (Fraser,1989,p.1X) having enshrined herself to absolute power by beguiling Julius Caesar and Mark Antony with the use of her wit, beauty and charms. It is important to emphasize that while the great queens of Egypt were lording it over with unhampered power, women from most civilizations

Mandatory Arbitration Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mandatory Arbitration - Coursework Example Given that I have a start up business on car detail, I cannot create a contract that with mandatory arbitration. This is because, mandatory arbitration requires one or more parties while in this situation there is only one party which is me. Secondly, having been a smart entrepreneur, I have been trading on used equipment in order to keep my expenses as low as possible. Since, I was ecstatic when I did find a carpet cleaning machine for vehicles on craigslist. When I drove for three hours to the outskirts of Kansas City, so that, I could pick up the machine that was for two thousand dollars The seller Sam Sneeky had made an advertisement to the effect that the machine had only been used for two times and was still in perfect condition. But, on returning to my shop, I was grossly disappointed on finding out that the machine wouldn’t even turn on. Since am so disappointed that I want Sam to refund my two thousand dollars. The best state that I would report my case to is Kansas in a court that enjoys the jurisdiction on this matter. This is due to the fact that, the case did arise in Kansas City. A number of legal issues are presented in the above highlight. For example, when I had made a decision to enhance my car detail business, I have settled on negotiating a contract with the some of the car rental companies. Given that, I can provide a detailed cleaning whenever any of the company is ready and willing to sell the vehicle. Having approached the ‘We Rent Cars’ company with this noble proposal, they did let me know that, whenever they hire any individual or company to work for them. They often demand that, a detailed contract be reached that outlines all the terms. For in stance, I should fill in detailed information about my service or company. The legal issue presented here is that, the agreement fails to bind since; it’s not formulated with the consent of

Agricultural Pollution In The United Kingdom Environmental Sciences Essay

Agricultural Pollution In The United Kingdom Environmental Sciences Essay The global human population doubled from less than 3000 million to 6000 million during the latter half of the twentieth century. The demand for food increased as the global population increased. This resulted in the intensification of agriculture to meet the higher food demand which placed an increasing demand on the natural environment. This has lead to the United Kingdom now having more than 76% of land being used for agricultural production. Since the 1930s the UK agriculture industry has undergone a major revelation. The productivity levels have considerably increases due the progress in crop and animal breeding, the accessibility of pesticides and fertilisers and the fast and advancing technology.  [1]   The move to more intensive farming methods has led to a marked increase in the amount of pollution incidents recorded (Pollution can be described as the unwanted environmental effects of human activity) .Figure 1 show that the pollution incident levels are constantly changing, this if reflected by the dynamic moves and the progress the agriculture industry make. Fig 1 taken from : G. Merrington , l . Winder, R. Parkinson, and M. Reedman , Agricultural Pollution: Problems and Practical Solutions, Taylor Francis, 2002. Agricultural processes can pollute in many ways, these include; deliberate pollution (the introduction of pesticides, fertilisers, genetically modified crops and sewage sludge into the environment). Agricultural processes and wastes (silage effluent and live stock waste) and the enhancement of natural processes from agulcultural activity (increased nitrous oxide emissions and soil erosion). Fertilisers can cause problems in agriculture. Fertilisers are used in agriculture to promote plant growth. Fertilizers are combinations of the nutrients that plants must have to grow, in a form they can use. Fertilisers are used because as plants grow, they absorb and deplete nutrients from the soil. Farmers harvest those same nutrients when they harvest crops meaning the nutrients that are need are lost and need to be reapplied in order to achieve a successful crop year after year if crops are to be grown and harvested continually.  [2]   If the applied fertilisers or raw sewage ends up reaching rivers and lakes, they increase the levels of nitrate and phosphate them. This causes Eutrophication and can end up in the mass death of organisms in the water. The steps of Eutrophication are as follows; the growth of algae and other plants is increased due to higher levels of nitrates and phosphates that have entered the water. These form algal blooms and mean there are a larger than usual amount of producers and they become overcrowded and being to die quicker than they are consumed. The dead producers provider food (energy) for the decomposers. This causes the amount of decomposers to increase quickly and they use up large amounts of the oxygen in the water. This increases its biological oxygen demand (BOD) and this change causes a lack of oxygen in the water and leads to the death of aerobic organisms. In cases with raw sewage, which is full of bacteria, the BOD is even greater.  [3]  Also if Ammonia (90% of ammonia e missions in the UK is from agriculture  [4]  ), pesticides, oil, degreasing agents, metals and other toxins from farm equipment ends up in rivers and lakes they can harm and kill aquatic life. They can also cause health problems when they get into drinking water. Agriculture is one of the biggest causes of water pollution in the UK (see figure 2) and in 2001 had the second largest water pollution incidents from a range of economic sectors. Fig 2 taken from : G. Merrington , l . Winder, R. Parkinson, and M. Reedman , Agricultural Pollution: Problems and Practical Solutions, Taylor Francis, 2002. Organic waste is another big polluter from agriculture. Although the number of pollution incidents due to organic wastes is declining in the UK, the Environment Agency spends approximately  £5 million pound per year on river pollution incidents caused by agriculture. This is because the production, storage and disposal of animal wastes (pigs, cows) and silage effluent present major risks to streams and rivers including the aquatic life. A result of the intensification of livestock production in the UK has caused a large increase in the amount water pollution incidents as a result organic wastes. 90% of all farm pollution incidents are a result of organic pollutants. Incidents are mainly in areas that have a high livestock production. In the UK the highest water pollution incident occur in the south west, midlands and west of the country. Gaseous emissions from UK agriculture are responsible for approximately 8% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrous oxide and methane are two of the biggest polluters from agriculture with over 50% of nitrous oxide resulting from agricultural activities and 37% of methane emissions in the UK from agriculture. The causes of Nitrous oxide to be released into the atmosphere in agriculture are during the application of nitrogen fertilisers. The effects of Nitrous oxide are global and include the eroding of the earths ozone layer (which can cause problems including an increase in the risk of skin cancer) and causes the greenhouse gas effect. The greenhouse gas effect is the heating of the surface of the earth due to the presence of an atmosphere containing gases that absorb and emit infrared radiation.  [5]   Nitrates from fertilisers can also soak into the ground and eventually end up in drinking water. This is dangerous and can cause health problems such as methemeglopbinemia or blue baby syndrome which causes death in infants.  [6]   The cause of Methane release in to the atmosphere in agriculture is mainly due to livestock, most commonly from ruminants due to enteric fermentation. Enteric fermentation is fermentation that takes place in the digestive systems of ruminant animals. Both nitrous oxide and methane both have a high global warming potential, methane can absorb 21 times more infrared radiation than carbon dioxide and is an important greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide emission from agriculture can come from a number of sources, whether it from fossil fuel combustion or land change. The use of fossil fuel production in agriculture is wide spread, whether its direct from farming machinery or from the transport of goods from the farms to other company or to the supermarkets. However, there is more carbon in the worlds soil than in the atmosphere and plant biomass put together. This means that land use change intended for greater production can increase the amount of carbon dioxide being released. The turnover of biomass and land change responsible for 5% of the total carbon dioxide emissions alone in the UK. The loss of soil carbon due as a result of degradation of land is also another contributor to carbon dioxide due to agriculture. Soil is an important carbon sink and acts as a transfer store for carbon. Agricultural practices that reduce soil carbon levels by methods that degrade organic matter reduce the capacity of the of the car bon sink. The release of carbon dioxide can have a global effect as carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas and is a big contributor to the greenhouse effect. The reduction in soil also causes a reduction in the infiltration rate, this increases soil run off and erosion which can lead to the deposition of sediment onto roads and into drains, this can also cause damage to the quality of water in lakes and rivers due to an excess inputs of chemicals and other substances. The increased run off and sedimentation can cause a greater risk of flooding further downstream.  [7]  The effect of carbon solubility in water also means exchanges of carbon can occur in the worlds oceans causing a wider spread effect. Changes in carbon between the atmosphere and land are dynamic and can be shown in the carbon cycle (figure 3). Figure 3 show the carbon cycle of a farm. Changing the inputs and outputs, or removing stores can drastically change the amount of carbon in the atmosphere or in the land. Figure 3 taken from http://www.farmingfutures.org.uk/Images/Carbon-Cycle-2306.gif Pesticides (including herbicides, insecticides and fungersides) are another pollutant from agriculture that can cause problems for the environment. Pesticides use has become an integral part of modern farming in the UK, with most crops having at least one and usually many more applications, with Cereal crop being sprayed around six times on average in the UK. More expensive crops such as vegetables and fruit can be sprayed over 15 times. The crops are sprayed to kill organisms such as pests, diseases and weed as they are unwanted in agriculture production as they would lower yield size.  [8]  However pesticides can cause point source or diffuse pollution in a number of ways. Pesticides can cause direct contamination of ground and surface waters. They can contaminate soil and leach into ground and surface waters. Pesticides also disrupt food chain and food webs as they can affect non-target organisms, whether by direct contamination or by accumulating further down the food web. Th is is a high occurrence as less than 0.1% of pesticides reach there target organism.  [9]   The movement of pollutants between the land, water and atmosphere can be summarised in figure 4. Figure 4 shows the relationship between pollution coming from a farm and the cycle it takes between the land, water and atmosphere .The pollutants could come from a number of the sources and examples that have been mentioned. Figure 4 taken from http://www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/farm_waste.htm original by R. Cook 2000. The effects of the agriculture pollution may be accounted for in two ways by the assignment of monetary value. The cost may be financial, for example incurred in water treatment or economic for instance due to the loss of a landscape feature valued by people which can be classed as visual pollution. The cost of agricultural in the UK is high and in 1996 the total external cost of UK agriculture was  £2343 million (range for 1990-1996:  £1149-  £3907 million). This is the equivalent to  £208 per hectare of arable and permanent pasture. Significant costs occur from pollution due to agriculture, whether direct from point source pollution or from non point source pollution costs in the UK include; the contamination of drinking water with pesticides ( £120 million per year), from emission of gases ( £1113 million per year), soil erosion ( £106 million per year) and food poisoning ( £169 million per year), from damage to wildlife, habitats, hedgerows and dry stone walls (visual pollution) (125 million per year).  [10]   Pollution control and solutions should take into account the external cost or externalities caused by economic activity. For example a side effect or by product of agricultural practice which is unpriced within the farming economy may be incurring a cost for someone else by reducing their profits or welfare.  [11]   Solutions to agricultural pollution can include; Government action through changes in policy and law; this could mean that farmers are forced to cut down the pollution they are causing. Research and development, including training and information programs and economic instruments such as financial subsidies and taxes could help reduce pollution, as alternative methods of farming that pollute less may be offered to the farmers with money incentives, while heavy polluting techniques and methods may be taxed. Other methods can include the modification behaviour by farmers, including changes in the use of agrochemical inputs, and other farm management practices. Practical solutions too many pollutants can be achieved through good agricultural practice (GAP). GAP is a well established approach in Morden farming to reduce environmental pollution and is supported with national and international legislations. The UK has published guidelines on pesticide usage which along with GAP is intended to both minimise their impact on the environment and allow safer usage. Practical solutions regarding gaseous emissions in agriculture are controlled with the support of legislation such as the Kyoto Protocol, which the European Union is committed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The UK is looking to reduce the level of emissions in 1990 by 12.5% before 2012.  [12]  To achieve this reduction the UK will need to cut its carbon dioxide in most of the economic sectors including agriculture. Pollution management can be achieved in two ways. An attempt to cure the problem by acting against the pollutants themselves, for example water treatment, or by preventing the cause of the pollution by encouraging alternative agricultural practices that are less polluting such as organic farming. Organic farming would reduce the number of pollution incidents due to agrochemicals, for example pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides  [13]  . However many farmer may be apposed to a move in organic farming, as it may result with a decreases yield of crop and an increase in labour outputs. A move to organic products may also reduce the target market for the food buyers, as higher labour and growing costs general mean the final product is more expensive than intensively grow products. This could limit the number of buyers this could result in a significant reduction in profit. In conclusion pollution can arise from agriculture in a number of ways. The effects of the pollution can vary drastically, from affecting only a small localised area through point source pollution such as a single farm, or by having a wider effect, sometimes on a global scale, such as non point source pollution. The pollution from agriculture can also effect both the environment, including the animals and nearby residents, but also the economy. Reducing pollution in agriculture can be difficult and have knock-on effects on both the environment and the economy. Many farming techniques rely on high polluting intensive farming methods to simply meet the demand of the population. Methods like these can be degrading to the environment, but vital for the farming economy to survive and meet there demand. However this can cause huge amounts of money to be spent by other organisations to clean up the pollution that they are causing. On the other hand many farming techniques designs to reduce the amount of pollution being caused from agriculture rely heavily on government funding in the form of incentives, which may reduce the environmental impacts but cost the country money. As conflicts can occur between the management of pollution issues there are many policies and legislations designed to minimise the effects of agricultural pollution and many try and find a balance between economic activity and the environment, such as the press ure-state-response frame work.  [14]  The best way to manage the pollution incidents I believe is through the prevention rather than cure. I believe that encouragement and search of practical solutions to reduce agriculture pollution is the best way to combat the problem. I also feel that compromises will have to be made both financially and environmentally to achieve the best result.

Television and Censorship - Violence Rating System Needed for TV Essay

Violence Rating System Needed for TV Programs While society recognizes the detrimental effects of general television on children, parents and other child advocacy groups don't feel as though there is an adequate rating system. Consequences of ineffective rating systems are that children's personalities are being negatively affected. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has made legislation to address this issue, but the children's advocacy community is still dissatisfied. This community includes The National PTA, the American Psychological Association, The Center for Educational Priorities and other child advocacy groups. Current discussions include the government and FCC's disregard for parent's feedback on current ratings systems, the violence chip's effectiveness as a simple solution and the current movie-based ratings system. Educational shows like Sesame Street significantly increase general school readiness skills, but the average American child is exposed to 25 hours of television each week and parents demand a sys tem they feel accurately evaluates all television shows. As part of this legislative process for Telecommunications Act of 1996, Public Law 104-104, statistical research on television's effects was done. For example in 1972, the Surgeon General reported that evidence shows a link between television violence and aggressive behavior (APA 1998). The American Psychological Association goes on to say that these lawmakers aren't responsive enough to feedback done by parent groups. They contend that the government isn't active in enforcing or defining the phrase "educational and informational"(CEP 1997). This results in the entertainment industry gaining profit by continuing to increase detrimental conten... ...~burniske/utopia98/student/causal/smith/www.pta.org accessed October 11, 1998. Center for Educational Priorities "Telecommunication Act of 1996" available online. http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~burniske/utopia98/student/causal/smith/www.cep.org accessed October 15, 1998. Center for Media Education "Children's Television Act Toolkit" available online. tap.epn.org/cme accessed October 28, 1998. Children Now Organization "Summary of Key Differences Between V-Chip Rating Systems" available online http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~burniske/utopia98/student/causal/smith/www.childrennow.org accessed October 26, 1998. Jeremy Craig. "Understanding the Ratings System" Children Now Organization. Available online. (c)1997,1998. http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~burniske/utopia98/student/causal/smith/www.childrennow.org/current_action_alert.html> accessed October 11,1998. Television and Censorship - Violence Rating System Needed for TV Essay Violence Rating System Needed for TV Programs While society recognizes the detrimental effects of general television on children, parents and other child advocacy groups don't feel as though there is an adequate rating system. Consequences of ineffective rating systems are that children's personalities are being negatively affected. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has made legislation to address this issue, but the children's advocacy community is still dissatisfied. This community includes The National PTA, the American Psychological Association, The Center for Educational Priorities and other child advocacy groups. Current discussions include the government and FCC's disregard for parent's feedback on current ratings systems, the violence chip's effectiveness as a simple solution and the current movie-based ratings system. Educational shows like Sesame Street significantly increase general school readiness skills, but the average American child is exposed to 25 hours of television each week and parents demand a sys tem they feel accurately evaluates all television shows. As part of this legislative process for Telecommunications Act of 1996, Public Law 104-104, statistical research on television's effects was done. For example in 1972, the Surgeon General reported that evidence shows a link between television violence and aggressive behavior (APA 1998). The American Psychological Association goes on to say that these lawmakers aren't responsive enough to feedback done by parent groups. They contend that the government isn't active in enforcing or defining the phrase "educational and informational"(CEP 1997). This results in the entertainment industry gaining profit by continuing to increase detrimental conten... ...~burniske/utopia98/student/causal/smith/www.pta.org accessed October 11, 1998. Center for Educational Priorities "Telecommunication Act of 1996" available online. http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~burniske/utopia98/student/causal/smith/www.cep.org accessed October 15, 1998. Center for Media Education "Children's Television Act Toolkit" available online. tap.epn.org/cme accessed October 28, 1998. Children Now Organization "Summary of Key Differences Between V-Chip Rating Systems" available online http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~burniske/utopia98/student/causal/smith/www.childrennow.org accessed October 26, 1998. Jeremy Craig. "Understanding the Ratings System" Children Now Organization. Available online. (c)1997,1998. http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~burniske/utopia98/student/causal/smith/www.childrennow.org/current_action_alert.html> accessed October 11,1998.

Evaluate Thomas Jefferson Presidency

The election of 1800 was a tight race and a tie broken by the House of Representatives, led to the election of Thomas Jefferson as the third president of the United States. Thomas Jefferson was in office as president for two terms, serving from 1801-1809. As a whole, Thomas Jefferson had a very positive presidency even though there were a few setbacks throughout. There were many significant events that happened during these eight years and the most well known would be: the Louisiana Purchase, the undeclared Barbary War, and the trade acts imposed due to problems with France and Britain .All great things must come to an end and Jefferson was succeeded by John Adams. America is a superpower and Thomas Jefferson was a great impact to all that as been accomplished as a nation. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803, was the greatest accomplishment of Jefferson in his presidency. The French under Napoleon had a great deal of economic problems already and maintaining the land in the west was a lot to handle so they sold it to the United States. In addition, France was fighting Britain and they needed more money and they wanted to only sell New Orleans at first, but ended up selling the whole territory (Henretta).At the time they sold this territory for 15 million dollars which ended up being about two cents an acre(Holmes). This purchase was very positive because this territory doubled the United States territory and this was great for them in order with westward expansion and exploration of the west. This expansion led to Lewis and Clark to explore the new lands. They were sent to experience the plants, animals, geography, and to learn how this region could be exploited economically. Without Jefferson in power, this expedition that they set out on may not have been accomplished and the United States may have not been so advanced at this time.At the time of the purchase, buying it was deemed unconstitutional but Thomas Jefferson went through with it anyway. The purpose at th e time was to get French out of this region all together to protect our trade on the port of New Orleans. Also, it was to protect the free passage along the Mississippi River. Not only was this one of the greatest accomplishments of Thomas Jefferson's presidency, but may have been one of the greatest events in America's history. During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency another event that is very significant would be the undeclared Barbary Wars.During this time, a reason this is so remembered, Jefferson was spending a lot of the country’s money. The Barbary States were off of North Africa and leading up to this undeclared war, they were seizing the international ships and holding the crews hostage for ransom money. At the time, he wanted to avoid all out war which would increase taxes and national debt which at this point he was very right (Henretta). This was particularly dangerous for the country because at the time there was not a strong navy.Merchants were in danger eve ry time they went out on the water. As a nation, the United States defeated the Barbary States and that led to not paying the Barbary people money. These tensions may have been negative during the time, but as we look back on history, Jefferson did the right thing for the country and him defeating these pirates really reflects on his presidency being very positive for the United States. Lastly, major trade problems with Britain and France and relationships were very important to Jefferson’s presidency.With all of these problems many acts were passed in order to relive the tension. The United States wanted to be neutral during problems between Britain and France, but somehow always ended up right in the middle. One of the first acts that was imposed was the Nonintercourse Act(1806), and that halted importation of British products. This did little to no harm to the British so in 1809 trade with Britain was reopened. Another act that was imposed on America was the Embargo Act wh ich prohibited all trade and this really hurt New England the most.This hurt New Englanders so much that it caused many of them to side with Pinckney in the 1808 election. Even though some may have sided, John Adams won the election and succeeded Thomas Jefferson. This was a rough patch to his presidency, but despite the few foreign affairs he did a great job with dealing with France and Britain during these times. Thomas Jefferson was one of the very first presidents of the United States and his presidency is one of many that have made America the super power that it is.Each president that lasts the full two terms must have been liked by many to stay in the office for eight years so he definitely did something right. Jefferson purchased territory that nearly doubled America’s size, defeated the Barbary pirates in â€Å"undeclared war†, and although there were many foreign affairs during this time he handled them very well. He is one that is remembered and will continu e to be remembered through time for all of the positive things he accomplished. Thomas Jefferson had a very positive presidency and in eight years did a lot for Americans and has been apart of shaping the nation.

Capital Punishment

Capital Punishment Introduction Capital punishment refers to the act of killing an individual who has been found guilty of committing a certain crime (Gottfried, 2003, p.35). Capital punishment is a severe form of punishment because a victim cannot repeal a death sentence. A less severe alternative to death sentence is life imprisonment. Despite its existence, some countries still practice capital punishment.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Capital Punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The debate on whether capital punishment is ethical and moral has elicited different opinions in different societies. Proponents of capital punishment argue that it guarantees permanent security and safety to communities, it deters crime, it is appropriate for some crimes such as murder, and it is less costly (Gottfried, 2003, p.37). On the other hand, opponents argue that it is inhuman, it is unfair if someone is wrongly convicted, it is a viola tion of human rights, it affects the emotional and psychological well-being of a victim’s family members, and it is against God’s will (Gottfried, 2003, p.41). Capital punishment should be reaffirmed because it is an effective method that could be used to deter crime and improve security. In the United States, 35 states have the death penalty in their legal system. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, there have been 1226 death sentences in the United States since the year 1976 (McCafferty, 2011, p.53). In 2010, there were 38 executions. This number decreased from 106 executions in 2009 (McCafferty, 2011, p.53). Some methods used to kill criminals include hanging, shooting by a firing squad, intoxication in a gas chamber, electrocution, and lethal injection. Arguments for capital punishment Capital punishment has several advantages that render it valid as a form of punishment for crime. First, it guarantees the safety and security of prison staff and the peop le in the external community (McCafferty, 2011, p.58). Individuals who receive a death penalty are usually dangerous and highly violent people. Executed criminals cannot commit crimes either after their release from prison or in prison. Their execution guarantees the safety of prison staff and the public. Their death is an assurance of security because they cannot continue their unlawful acts and this improves security.Advertising Looking for article on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, capital punishment deters crime by discouraging criminals from engaging in crime (Gottfried, 2003, p.42). In countries such as Singapore that have death penalty, lower rates of crime have been reported. Capital punishment deters crime because of its severe consequences. Between the years 1993 and 1997, the death penalty was widely used in the United States due to a rise in crime. As a result, the rate of murder d ropped from 24,562 people to 18, 209 people (McCafferty, 2011, p.54). This drop was as a result of the avoidance of the severe consequences of capital punishment by criminals. Thirdly, it is the right form of punishment for certain crimes because it is equal to the crime committed (Gottfried, 2003, p.45). For example, capital punishment is the best punishment for murder because it is equal to the crime. Any other form of punishment would be unfair because it would be less serious than the crime itself. Proponents argue that victims of crime receive justice when criminals are killed because the penalty is equal to the crime committed. The individual is made to pay by death in proportion to the crime committed. Fourthly, capital punishment is less costly that other forms of punishment such as life imprisonment (Gottfried, 2003, p.46). The cost of imprisoning an individual for life is more than the cost of killing the individual. It is logic to award a death penalty to an individual in stead of life imprisonment because it prevents use of government resources, which are instead used for other more viable projects. Arguments against capital punishment Opponents of capital punishment present several arguments to support the abolishment of capital punishment. First, they argue that it is unethical and cruel (McCafferty, 2011, p.61). Killing a person is inhuman even though the person may have acted in an inhuman manner. They claim that each person has a right to life and should not be killed under any circumstance. Capital punishment is inhuman because the methods used for execution inflict intense pain and suffering to the individual. As such, the individual’s right to life is violated. Even though a criminal practices inhumanity by committing a crime, killing the individual does not solve the problem entirely.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Capital Punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Capital punishment is ironical because its main teaching is that killing someone who has killed is moral and justifiable (McCafferty, 2011, p.62). However, this argument is ambiguous because different cultures interpret the concept of humanity differently. Secondly, it is an unfair form of punishment for individuals who are convicted wrongly. For example, since 1976, 130 people have been released from death row after they were proved innocent (McCafferty, 2011, p.64). In severe cases, some people are killed after being wrongly convicted. It is unfair for a person to be executed even though he/she is innocent. Some people have been proven innocent but the proof of their innocence came too late that they were executed before they were released. In addition, some criminals ask for a chance to amend their ways and become better citizens. However, with a death sentence, that is impossible. In a case where an innocent individual is executed, the execution is irreversible, and the gover nment lives with the guilt of executing an innocent citizen. The fact that an innocent individual could be wrongly convicted is not a good enough reason to abolish capital punishment. This is because in the same way, guilty individuals could be wrongly released for lack of enough evidence (McCafferty, 2011, p.68). Thirdly, capital punishment is a violation of the human right to life (Gottfried, 2003, p.73). Despite the degree of a crime committed by an individual, killing him/her violates his/her right to life. This argument varies from society to society because human rights are determined by factors such as religion, cultural beliefs and religion, which vary among societies. Opponents argue that sentences such as life imprisonment could be awarded instead of capital punishment because they do not violate an individual’s right to life (Gottfried, 2003, p.74). In some societies, the interpretation of human rights allows capital punishment for individuals who violate the human rights of others. Fourthly, capital punishment is not fair and may cause emotional and psychological trauma to a victim’s family members (McCafferty, 2011, p.71). In countries where it is practiced, capital punishment is a form of compensation for a crime committed using the life of the criminal. This is immoral because two wrongs cannot make a right. An individual deserves a chance to reform for a better life.Advertising Looking for article on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the pain experienced in executions could be unbearable. The degree of pain depends on the method of execution used. Despite the method used, the pain affects both the individual and his/her family. Family members may be traumatized and as such suffer emotionally and psychologically, which may affect their lives negatively (Gottfried, 2003, p.72). For example, if the individual has young children, they may be unable to live normal lives owing to the effects of the knowledge of their father’s execution. Fifthly, capital punishment denies the victims a chance to reform and practice spiritual redemption (Gottfried, 2003, p.75). Even though an individual may be sorry and remorseful for committing a crime, reformation is impossible with a death penalty. In most societies, spiritual redemption is considered a priority mainly at the time of death. Spiritual redemption means making peace with fellow human beings and God before death. However, capital punishment victims do not get this opportunity. Opponents consider capital punishment unethical because they argue that death should be natural and not induced in any way. Conclusion Capital punishment is the killing of an individual who has been convicted of committing a certain crime. The issue of whether capital punishment is moral and ethical is a controversial one. Some countries have abolished it while others still practice it. For example, in the United States, 35 stares practice capital punishment. Proponents argue that it deters crime, guarantees permanent security, it is appropriate for crimes such as murder and rape, and it is less costly than alternative punishments such as life imprisonment. Opponents argue that it is inhuman, may be unfair if someone is wrongly convicted, it is a violation of human rights, it affects the emotional and psychological well-being of family members and it s unfair. Capital punishment should be reaffirmed because it is the best method of stopping crime and hence improving the security and safety of all people. References Gottfried, T2003, Capital Punishment: the Death Penalty Debate, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania. McCafferty, J 2011, Capital Punishment, Aldine Transaction, New York.

Free Essays on Essay About My Father

Each morning I awake, I watch the morning news to get some information about what’s going on in the world. Whether it’s a report about a house burning down and killing the entire family trapped inside or hijacked airplanes crashing into buildings killing thousands of innocent people, there is usually that one headline that makes you feel sad as a result of seeing it. As you watch various Television Shows, Movies, and even Commercials, you discover that writers and producers try to create a scenario or plot that will leave you with the same effect as that news report. Sadness is a simple, general term, ranging in implication from a mild, momentary unhappiness to a feeling of intense grief. Watching the news report about the fire or the hijacked airplanes might leave you with this emotion. Writers use this to their advantage when writing scripts to help make their shows leave a longer effect on the audience. The TV show â€Å"Cowboy Bebop† is an animated series on the Cartoon Network’s Adult Swim. The series consist of twenty-nine episodes. During these episodes, you are introduced to a character named Spike who is running away from his past. However his past is catching up to him. The show is written so that you get to put yourself in Spike’s shoes and so, you don’t want anything to happen to him. He has some adventures that he survives but in the final episode he gets killed seeking revenge for Julia â€Å"his girlfriend† who was killed by the villain in the story. As a result, you end up feeling sadness and sometimes sympathy for him. The movie â€Å"The Sixth Sense† was a box office hit when it was in theatres. This movie is about a boy who is haunted by ghosts that he alone is able to see and the psychologist who decide to try to help him. This movie left me feeling sad because the boy considers himself a freak and becomes an outcast due to the fact that he doesn’t understand why it is happening to him. The psychologist... Free Essays on Essay About My Father Free Essays on Essay About My Father Each morning I awake, I watch the morning news to get some information about what’s going on in the world. Whether it’s a report about a house burning down and killing the entire family trapped inside or hijacked airplanes crashing into buildings killing thousands of innocent people, there is usually that one headline that makes you feel sad as a result of seeing it. As you watch various Television Shows, Movies, and even Commercials, you discover that writers and producers try to create a scenario or plot that will leave you with the same effect as that news report. Sadness is a simple, general term, ranging in implication from a mild, momentary unhappiness to a feeling of intense grief. Watching the news report about the fire or the hijacked airplanes might leave you with this emotion. Writers use this to their advantage when writing scripts to help make their shows leave a longer effect on the audience. The TV show â€Å"Cowboy Bebop† is an animated series on the Cartoon Network’s Adult Swim. The series consist of twenty-nine episodes. During these episodes, you are introduced to a character named Spike who is running away from his past. However his past is catching up to him. The show is written so that you get to put yourself in Spike’s shoes and so, you don’t want anything to happen to him. He has some adventures that he survives but in the final episode he gets killed seeking revenge for Julia â€Å"his girlfriend† who was killed by the villain in the story. As a result, you end up feeling sadness and sometimes sympathy for him. The movie â€Å"The Sixth Sense† was a box office hit when it was in theatres. This movie is about a boy who is haunted by ghosts that he alone is able to see and the psychologist who decide to try to help him. This movie left me feeling sad because the boy considers himself a freak and becomes an outcast due to the fact that he doesn’t understand why it is happening to him. The psychologist...

Challenges of Incorporate Gen Y into the Workplace Essay

Challenges of Incorporate Gen Y into the Workplace - Essay Example Despite this, it is evident that the same generation counterbalances these negative traits by working well with specific managers aiming at meeting the corporate visions and values in addition to portraying their hard work to their employer in exchange for not only immediate reward, but also recognition (Alexander & Sysko, 2013). Alexander and Sysko claim that Millenials regard technology as their â€Å"sixth sense†. Thus, it is evident that this generation must incorporate technology into every aspect of their life. It is their extensive use of the technology that distinguishes them from other generations (Alexander & Sysko, 2013). Alexander and Sysko (2013) claim that the incorporation of the Millenial employees with other generations is often associated with confrontation from the Millenial employees. The Millenial employees often have ambiguous attitudes as well as conflicting behaviors (Alexander & Sysko, 2013). Millenials also carry their unique attitude and behavior to institutions. In tandem with this assertion, Alexander and Sysko (2013) argue that many Millenials portray not only a lack of drive and motivation, but also accountability in academia. They claim that the majority of the Millenials have the mindset of just showing up. Additionally, Alexander and Sysko (2013) claim that Millenials have an alarming attitude; being there to be entertained. The most disturbing element of the Millenials, however, is their lack of concern for the accuracy as well as the validity of the sources they use in carrying out their research. In other words, Millenials often portray unoriginality in everything they do (A lexander & Sysko, 2013). It is as a result of these qualities that it becomes very hard to mix Generation Y with other generations in a working environment. The attitude and behavior portrayed by the Millenials is as a result of their mindset. According to Alexander and

Bolg analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bolg analysis - Essay Example Some of these eating behaviours have resulted in numerous health problems that extensively challenge individuals’ well-being. Food, cooking and eating have, therefore, become topics of interest that have caught the attention of many health providers. This paper critically analyses Born Fitness blog and comprehensively explores some of the cultural issues it addresses about cooking and eating. The blog theme circumnavigates around body fitness and how it can be achieved. According to Volpe (2007: 32), a healthy body is one that is fed on the right meals and exposed to regular exercise. One can physically stay fit and health-wise if they are conscious about what they eat. Regular exercising cannot be ignored if one is to achieve a healthy body. With this understanding, the blog seeks to painstakingly address the issue of body fitness by providing information on what one needs to do and what should be avoided to achieve healthy bodies. In the blog, there are different segments containing varied articles addressing diverse topics. The blog targets those who could be mindful of their health especially those who seek to find information regarding the do’s and don’ts in keeping body fitness. This could be men, women or even children. The prime message that the blog writer is broadcasting concerns nutrition and how health and fitness can be attained. This can be at tributed to the fact that the blog’s name bears the word ‘fitness’ to suggest it tackles the issue of body health. Also, it has several articles that give advice on what people should eat and what they should avoid. It primary purpose is to direct the society to finding better ways of achieving bodily health. As highlighted, the key topic in the blog is proper nutrition for good health. Nutrition is a grave topic the blog explores because of the evidently changing eating and cooking behaviours that many nutrition researchers have

Final exam (take home) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final exam (take home) - Essay Example be allowed to bring about the absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on practical, speculative theoretical scientist or moral subjects (Bennet, 2008). The freedom of expression is indispensable in attempting to drive different viewpoints to their logical conclusions as opposed limiting them because of the social embarrassment they may cause. This argument is inspired in part by the fact that in the attempt to save face, certain comments or opinion that are considered to be in bad taste tend to be discouraged without being objectify considered. Nevertheless, despite the bold claims, he proposes that there should be some rules to govern the action of politicians, which he refers to as the harm principle (Bennet, 2008). On the face value, one may imagine that Mill is agitating for people to have leave to use their opinions to cause others harm perhaps by inciting them to violence. While the argument has merit in that supports the freedom of expression, his insistence that all opinions should be tolerable lacks moral ground given that some of the opinions can cause harm even if they are not carried out. For example, if someone voices an opinion that Jews deserved to be victimized in the Holocaust through print media or in a paper, which Mills would consider acceptable, it would probably have a negative psychological effect on survivors or their families. Clearly, although the contention for freedom of speech is well intended, if pursued to its logical conclusion, it would be very misleading. Ultimately, those who defend the right to Mills version of freedom of speech often find it difficult to support their position when it is proved that this freedom even in the abstract can harm others. However, he makes a very valid point in stating that dissenting voices should never be silenced since as history has proven in many occasions, the fact that an opinion is held by many people does not necessarily make it correct. By emphasizing that all opinions should be

Giving Advice on How Actors Should Play Their Role in Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Giving Advice on How Actors Should Play Their Role in Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet Essay You are going to write in role as Gregory Doran, the new artistic director of the Royal Shakespeare Company. You are going to give a lecture to the actors you have chosen to plsy Romeo, Benvolio and Mercutio. What advice would you give them about how and why they should act in Act 3 Scene 1? In Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo Juliet, Shakespeare raises the excitement and the tension throughout the scene by using dramatic tension between the characters, provocative and threatening dialogue, strong language effects, and sharp vital violence. The sudden, fatal violence in the first scene of Act 3, as well as the buildup to the fighting, serves as a reminder that, for all its emphasis on love, beauty, and romance, Romeo and Juliet still takes place in a masculine world in which notions of honor, pride, and status are prone to erupt in a fury of conflict. The viciousness and dangers of the play’s social environment are dramatic tools that Shakespeare employs to make the lovers’ romance seem even more precious and fragile—their relationship is the audience’s only respite from the brutal world pressing against their love. The scene begins with Mercutio continuously brushing off Benvolios advice as a peacekeeper to keep calm and he instead accuses Benvolio of being a hypocrite. This implies that Mercutio is very obstinate and is quick to cast suspicions and false accusations on others without much thinking. Mercutio accuses that Benvolio is just as violent and hot headed as him, Come, come, thou art as hot a Jack in thy mood as any in Italy, without any proof. This implies that Mercutio is the type of character to jump in head first and rarely listens to others advice. Later on in the scene, Benvolio exclaims By my head here come the Capulets upon Tybalts arrival, and to this Mercutio replies By my heel I care not. The phrase I care not notions that Mercutio does not see any problem in Tybalts arrival, which in turn means that he is intending on provoking a fight which accentuates that Clearly Mercutio is in an aggressive mood. Tybalt addresses Mercutio and Benvolio. â€Å" ‘Gentlemen, good den, a word with one of you’ † Up to this point, Tybalt is courteous – his quarrel is with Romeo, not with Benvolio or Mercutio. However Mercutio is extremely provocatice and he responds to Tybalt, asking a word with one of them with, â€Å"Make it a word and a blow.† The audience feels there is a fight in prospect. Which achieves Shakespeares purpose and intended effect. Mercutio is clearly being very confrontational in this scene, therefore, the actor should deliver his lines imposingly, loud and clear in a tone of anger. When Tybalt appears, he should spit his words and when provoking Tybalt, the actor should increase their volume and have a very irritated and aggressive facial expression by grinding his teeth. However, when imitating Tybalt and making a mockery out of him, his actions should be over the top. His movements at the beginning of the scene should reflect his provocative behaviour and therefore he should walk with big strides and a fast pace. As he is ignoring Benvolios advice, eye contact should be avoided up until the point that Mercutio accuses him. When this happens, the actor playing Mercution should suddenly stop to build up tension then turn around and point at Benvolio. Mercutios costume should be a red sleeveless shirt as r ed reflects aggression , with tattered and ripped pants if possible to emphasis his wild nature. Another option for the top is a leather jacket and piercings and metal studs as accessories to clearly showcase his obstinate and hot-headed personality. Romeo, by contrast, is as passionate about love as Tybalt and Mercutio are about hostility. Romeo appears, cheerful and contented with having wed Juliet only hours before, and unaware that hes even been challenged to a duel. Until Mercutio dies, Romeo remains emotionally distinct from the other characters in the scene. Romeo walks atop his euphoric cloud buoyed by blissful thoughts of marriage to Juliet, peace, unity, and harmony. In response to Tybalts attempts to initiate a fight, Romeo tells Tybalt that he loves thee better than thou canst devise. Ironically, Romeos refusal to duel with Tybalt brings about the very acceleration of violence he sought to prevent. When Romeo enters the scene, Tybalt and Mercutio are in the middle of a scuffle, he immediately tries to not be drawn into the fiery atmosphere and tries to keep calm. Doth much excuses the appertaining rage to such a greeting. The word excuse; was deliberately used by Shakespeare to convince the audience that Romeo is not interested in violence but rather peace and wellbeing of all are his best interests. While talking, Romeo should be very soft-spoken and not provocative in anyway. Eye contact should be avoided and eyes should be averted to the feet to show timidness and reluctance to fight. When Mercutio and Tybalt are about to fight, he even tries to persuade Mercutio to put thy rapier up. The fact that he asks his best friend to stop fighting instead of the opposing side shows that he is completely passive in violence and displays his desperation for peace. During the conflict, the actor playing Romeo should never retaliate but instead tolerate all hits or simply avoid them to depict his passive and peaceful nature. However, after Mercutio is injured and dies, his attitude should change completely and resemble that of Mercutios. Romeos behaviour should then be similar to Mercutios. While challenging Tybalt and fighting with him, the actor playing Romeo should show no hint compassion, a stern face and and clenched fists with a to reflect his change demeanor as stated in the book, A nd fire-eyed fury be my conduct now. After Tybalts death by his hands, Romeo should then retreat into confusion, reflecting on what he has done. Oh I am fortunes fool! The word fool suggests that Romeo admits that he was overwhelmed by anger and blind fury at that point in time and regrets being unable to control himself. Romeos costume should be very sophisticated after returning from his wedding with Juliet and therefore he should be well-groomed. During his battle with Tybalt, his clothes should then be torned and messy to symbolise his transition from a peaceful person into a murderer full of vengeance. Benvolio still maintains his status as a peacekeeper throughout the entire play, however, unlike romeo he totally does not involves himself in any conflict and always prefers to just watch form the side, and this can be interpreted in theatrical set-up to advice the actor playing Benvolio to never be the centre of attention on stage and to position himself either downstage, or centre stage right, but never centre sta ge. At the beginning of the scene he advices Mercutio to stop wandering around as to avoid a conflict, The day is hot and the Capels are abroad, And if we meet, we shall not scape a brawl. The phrase not scape conveys the impression that Benvolio does not like to attract much attention and be drawn into violent combat. This characteristic can be interpreted as cowardice, but also wisdom. Benvolio knows that if another brawl occurs between the two families, someone will be killed and therefore tries to plan in advance, trying to omit all possibilities of a fight happening. Benvolio is also not offended when Mercutio makes advances on him and accuses him of being a hypocrite which portrays him as a matured character. Benvolio replies with And what to? to Mercutios statement and this presupposes that he pays no heed to Mercutio because he thinks of him as a child but is only worried that he will start a fight which explains his concern on Mercutios hot-headed behaviour. While trying to convince Mercutio to stop with his combative and warlike behaviour, the Benvolios actor should be very insistent that Mercutio calm down but indifferent towards his insults to reflect his maturity. When Tybalt enters the stage, Benvolio plays a smaller part and should move away from the center-stage in the moments that lead up to the fight to indicate his cowardice and reluctance to participate in combat. Once he starts explaining to the Prince what had happened, Benvolio should still maintain his composure and calmly explain the situation because in Shakespeares original version of Romeo and Juliet, his explanation is long, but still contains the key details of the event, Tybalt, here slain, whose Romeos hand did slay†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Benvolio should wear a green shirt, as green resembles peace and is the colour of nature, hence life which is an accurate symbol of Benvolios tendency to avoid brawls and conflicts. I have picked out and analysed single words from Act 3 Scene 1, I have commented on how Shakespeare gets his message across and have started to develop an appreciation for the techniques that he uses. I have also given out advice on how the actors should deliver their lines, their facial expressions as well as physical gestures and their costumes.

Nokia Company: Organisation and Profitability

Nokia Company: Organisation and Profitability It all began for Nokia when Fredrik Idestam built a paper mill back in 1865. He built another factory near Nokianvirta River, Finland, the place whose first five words gave the company its name Nokia. Between the years of 1865 and 1967 Nokia was recognized as a vital industrial machine; though further expansion needed a merger with a cable company and another merger with a rubber firm to set up the Nokia Corporation. This was the beginning of the move to electronics production by the company. The mobile phone era for Nokia began in 1981 when the first ever international mobile phone network was built called the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT). Organizational Structure at Nokia As of October 1, 2009 the organizational structure at Nokia was extremely mobile and flexible. Nokias organizational structure is horizontal and it allows for greater flexibility and speedy communication channels between different departments. The devices unit looks after the development and management of mobile devices portfolio which is targeted at all major consumer segments. The solutions department ensures that it continuously develops solutions whereby ensuring that a particular mobile device has integrated contents and personalized services and the output of these three components results into a leading mobile phone for the end user. The solutions unit works with other departments in close proximity to provide such solutions. The services department creates and designs internet services that enhance the consumer experience when Nokia phone users interact with the web. The main areas where this unit focuses on include messaging, maps, music, and Ovi developer tools. This department also ensures that there is a consistent increase in different services as the market evolves. The other significant department is Markets which acts like a supply chain department for Nokia. The unit is also responsible for sales channels, branding and marketing activities for various products and services. The corporate development department looks for future growth opportunities and it also plans for future strategic actions that will give the company a competitive advantage against competitors. This department also provides operational supports to other core departments such as Devices, Services, Solutions and markets. Nokia Siemens Networks is a joint venture with Siemens and it provides network infrastructure which is both fixed and wireless. This division also provides communications and networks service platforms. Finally, the last major division is NAVTEQ; this unit is a provider of detailed navigational maps and digital map data automobile navigation systems, navigation systems for mobile devices, internet mapping applications and mapping solutions to government and other businesses. NAVTEQ is an important part of Nokias operations since it provides downloadable maps and other content that will enhance the experience of consumers who use Nokias smart phones. Corporate Governance The way authority and responsibility is organized at Nokia it shows that the company is exemplary in its approach towards corporate governance. The companys strategic and significant natured decisions are made by the board. These matters might include strategic guidelines, approval of periodic plans and decisions on major divestments or investments. The company charter, article of association and Finnish Companies Act determine the roles and responsibilities of all directors and executive members. According to the auditors and company information strict guidelines are followed in terms of code of conduct and ethical behavior of each employee. Similarly the company complies with all stock market requirements of the Helsinki stock market, New York and Frankfurt stock exchanges. The company provides all necessary data to authorities at NYSE because the under the rules any firm that complies with its national laws must file any differences that exist between its national laws and the laws to be followed under NYSE. Competitors of Nokia Corporation Nokias direct and major competitors include Motorola Inc, Cisco Systems Inc, Research in Motion, LM Ericsson Telephone Co., and QUALCOMM Inc. The company faces stiff competition in the business oriented mobile phone market from RIMs Blackberry series. Nokias E-series phones are geared to compete with the Blackberry series. Similarly the company faces challenges from Samsung and Motorola in the touch screen phone markets and the latest Android based phones that offer efficient and extremely user friendly interface to consumers. In the navigations and maps market Nokia, like the traditional manufacturers such as Garmin, TomTom, faces tough competition from the Google and Apple partnership that will make the iPhone the ultimate navigation and smart device for this generation. The difference between this navigation process that iPhone will offer is that consumers wouldnt need to download maps for a price or they would not need automotive navigations systems rather they would use their smart phones as navigation devices at very low rates. For the year 2009, Nokias market share remained flat at around 38% in the global handset market after consumers continue to encourage Apples iPhone in favor of the N series that Nokia is offering. Nokia also faces competition from Ericsson mobile phones in the music phones; Sony Ericssons superior voice quality and speaker quality give its phones an edge over Nokias Express music series. Industry Outlook for 2010 The expectations of the company for 2010 are considerably flat in terms of the performance of its various divisions. Overall the mobile device industry is expected to increase by about 10% in 2010 in terms of volume compared to 2009. For the year 2010 Nokia expects its mobile device market share to be flat compared to 2009, a similar sort of expectation also exists for Nokia and Nokia Siemens Networks as the venture sees a minimal increase in euro terms for the mobile and the fixed infrastructure services market. Importance of International Markets to Nokia Corporation In 2009, out of the total sales from the company Europe accounted for 36%, Chinas share was 16%, Middle East Africa 14%, North America 5%, Asia-Pacific 22% and Latin America 7%. As we can see from these numbers that about 59% of sales are coming from the developing world; for a company that began operations from Finland that is an important statistics since most of its revenues are coming from international markets especially from developing countries. The 10 markets from which Nokia generated the highest amounts of sales revenues are listed below in decreasing order; with the highest written first and lowest stated last: China, India, the UK, Germany, the United States, Russia, Indonesia, Spain, Brazil and Italy; when combined these markets provided 52% of the total sales in 2009. It is important to note here that China and India; the fastest growing economies in Asia are leaders for Nokia sales; secondly the list also contains growing markets such as Brazil and Russia. It is important to note here that because Nokias main sales driver is the mobile device market hence there are higher sales potential for Nokia in developing countries. This is because countries such as India and China are experiencing large demand for mobile phones due to the rapid growth and development of infrastructure especially network infrastructure. The rising levels of GDP per capita and income levels of people in the developing world are increasing their ability to purchase mobile phones therefore we could see that in the near future major growth would come from developing economies. Foreign Exchange exposures Faced by Nokia Nokia has businesses all over the world; this global presence means that assets and sales, liabilities and loans taken or completed in different parts of the world may be higher or lower in value when translated into the Euro or any home base currency. Because Nokia owns substantial assets in foreign markets therefore the company has to hedge and protect itself against the potential of currency adjustments in the negative direction. Nokias foreign exchange policy is developed by the treasury department of the company which looks after the interests of the company such that foreign exchange exposure is minimized and shareholder value is maximized. Under the policy; transactions which are considered of material value are hedged against foreign exchange exposures as long as the hedging tool is not uneconomical i.e. the hedging cost is lower or market liquidity is favorable. The company uses derivative financial instruments such as foreign exchange options and forward foreign exchange contracts to manage hedging and reduce the exposure. The group has a policy of not hedging 2-year or beyond forecasted foreign currency cash flows. New Product and Market development Nokia operates in a highly drastic and technologically changing industry; on the consumer side the company also sees the acceptance and increasing demand for more sophisticated products therefore the company has to remain on its toes and come up with new products and services. The recent financial crisis which was coupled with economic downturn as well saw most industries and companies experiencing reduced profits or even losses. If we look at the table above we see that for the period 2004-08 the average RD expenditure as a percentage of sales was around 11%. This explains how important the development of new products and markets are to companies like Nokia. RD expenditure dipped slightly during 2009 by about 1% compared with 2008 figures because of the decline in sales. The reduction in total revenues during the year 2009 was because the brunt of the crisis or the lowest point of the crisis was considered to be the third and fourth quarters of 2009. The major problem faced by Nokia mobile devices sales was the fact that as macroeconomic aggregates plummeted world wide; people were laid off, disposal incomes squeezed and purchasing power declined in some regions because of currency depreciation, all these factors led to the decrease in demand for Nokia phones. Despite these tough circumstances Nokia continued to expand product development and introduced new products in the mobile device markets, new systems and networks from Nokia Siemens Partnership and navigation phones under the NAVTEQ division. Capital Structure and Liabilities Management at Nokia The average basic number of shares during 2009 was 3.705 billion, 2008 was 3.743 billion and 2007 was 3.885 billion. The difference between diluted and basic average number of shares was negligible during all the three years stated above. About 1% of the shares were owned by Nokia Corporation during 2009. There was not much change in the capital structure during the three years apart from a buy-back and cancellation of shares that were owned by the company during 2008 and 2009 respectively. If we closely analyze the net debt to equity ratio for the 5 year period we see that initially in the years 04, 05 06 and even 07 the company had surplus assets over total debt. Though this situation drastically declined during 2008 as the credit crunch forced Nokia to borrow money and bridge the gap between its working capital. This factor eroded the asset base advantage the company was holding for the previous 4 years before 2008. Another important factor was that short-term borrowings rose substantially during 2008. Short-term borrowings increased from 714 million Euros in 2007 to 3,578 million Euros in 2008. The equity ratio represents the amount of assets represented or funded by the equity holders. From the table above we can see that the assets funded through equity has been on a declining run throughout the five year period. This also explains that as years have passed by liabilities have been increasing used as a way of financing assets. Many analysts believe that borrowing is a lesser expensive way of raising funds compared to equity as interest paid reduces effective tax rate; secondly creditors do not have a say in the way management runs the business; thirdly no dividends need to be paid out. On the other hand equity has its own advantages such as no finance costs; in case of bankruptcy the claim of common shareholders is last only after other creditors have been paid out. Overall companies are suggested to find an optimum equity and liability combination by working out the WACC at different levels. 2007 was considered one of the best years in Nokias history not only did the stock do well but the companys other major indicators were in green as well. For instance the return on equity was around 53% during 2007; that is a phenomenal return for shareholders from a company that competes in such a tough competitive environment. The return on equity declined significantly during 2008. As we see from the table that the value declined to 27.5% from 53.9% in 2007. This again explains the difficulty the company faced during 2008 in terms of low sales volumes, depressed prices and difficult financial conditions. Nokia Corporations shares are listed on the following stock markets: NASDAQ OMX, (Helsinki), Frankfurter, and New York Stock Exchange. The company delisted its Swedish Depository Receipts (SDRs) from the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The last day of trading of these SDRs was June 1, 2007. Raising capital and loans from foreign capital markets has a number of benefits and a few disadvantages as well. In terms of the benefits; firstly by listing stocks in a market such as NYSE a company like Nokia gave itself exposure to one of the most valuable and important stock markets in the world. New York is the financial capital of the worlds largest economy and having the ability to raise funds in such a market builds great reputation for a company apart from substantial capital. Similarly the SDR move into the Swedish Stock Market was a strong move as that would have strengthened the capital structure before the delisting. SDRs provide a substantial capital inflow in lieu of a stable and known cost of capital that gives the firms financial cost structure sustainability and consistency. In terms of the disadvantages economic activities in a foreign country might impact the shareholder value of the whole group. Though this cost is offset by the point that todays financial markets are so dependent on each other that market risks are almost similar in virtually all countries and their stock markets. The important thing here is that companies like Nokia must be aware of the trade cycles and the economic cycles of the world and individual markets and there relationship between each other because that will determine the impact of raising capital in foreign markets. Impact on Market Value as a Result of Strategies in Foreign Exchange Risk, Raising Capital and Moving into New Markets Technological firms generally have higher risk attached to their stock prices and market values therefore we expect them to do extremely well when the economy is booming and the company is able to come up with consistent and high quality products. The case of Nokia is no different the company has successfully established itself as one of the most reliable and advanced manufacturer of mobile devices. Steadily over the years Nokia has moved into new markets which have diversified the portfolio of the company hence spreading the risk over different but related markets. Nokias move to enter new markets has been a good way of diversifying business interests in the sense that the company has not only developed new products but it has also moved into new physical markets. Developing new products has its own advantages but moving into new geographical markets can benefit companies from the all important concept of economies of new scale. Going into new markets exposes the company to absolutely new customers hence increasing the total potential customer base of the company. Raising capital in foreign markets also impacts the market value of the company in a positive way. The company, by raising additional capital in new markets, not only increases its ability to spend money on acquisitions, development, and supply-chain but also gives credibility and higher standing to the companys share in the capital markets and makes the company a strong candidate for a better rating from agencies. The above graph is the stock price movement of Nokia stock, listed on NYSE, versus the SP 500 over a five year period. What is evident here is that consistently the Nokia stock has out performed the SP 500 for most of the time period under discussion. In percentage terms the stock has performed extremely well during the later half of 2007 up to mid 2008; even during the tough times of the late 2009 the stock did better than the overall SP index. The above graph is again representative of the fact that the companys stock performed better than most top company stocks during the boom period of 2007. Credit has to be given to the financial managers of the company since there prudent steps ensured a better than average EPS for the company and subsequently even better share price performance. Evaluation of the Firms Finance Managers In terms of hedging and controlling the foreign exchange risk I think the financial managers did a good job by employing a prudent policy of hedging all those cash inflows and outflows which were due within 2 years period. This is a prudent approach; secondly if we look at the table below we see that the company has remained profitable despite the financial and economic crisis that plagued the global markets for the past 2 and a half years. We also see that the company gave dividends in all the last six years under discussion; this also shows consistency and the right mindset of financial managers who rightly understand the need to rollout dividends in order to ensure continuous investments from investors in the near future. The above graph shows that profitability peaked during the 2007 period and steadily declined thereafter this also shows the difficult financial and economic environment that was weathered by the corporate sectors of different economies. The impact of the crises were so great that profits before taxes almost decreased by 50% in 2008 from 2007 profits before taxes.